《全国考研英语真题（最新11篇）》
食堂，寝室，教室，你就只能去这三个地方，拉屎吃饭都是时间在浪费，你应该学习！
考研英语部分真题及详解 1
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, __1__those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can __2__ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3__the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may take the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. __4__, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. __5__ a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family.
The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, __7__1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and __8__ prayers of blessing. Par--ts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,__9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the brides and grooms wrists, and __10__a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the __11__. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wifes parents and may__12__ with them up to a year, __13__they can build a new house nearby.
Divorce is legal and easy to __14__, but not common. Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval. Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up. The divorced male doesnt have a waiting period before he can remarry __20__the woman must wait ten months.
1. A. by way of B. with regard to C. on behalf of D. as well as
2. A. decide on B. provide for C. compete with D. adapt to
3. A. close B. arrange C. renew D. postpone
4. A. In theory B. Above all C. In time D. For example
5. A. Unless B. Less C. After D. Although
6. A. into B. within C. from D. through
7. A. or B. since C. but D. so
8. A. test B. copy C. recite D. create
9. A. folding B. piling C. wrapping D. tying
10. A. passing B. lighting C. hiding D. serving
11. A. association B. meeting C. collection D. union
12. A. deal B. part C. grow D. live
13. A. whereas B. until C. for D. if
14. A. avoid B. follow C. challenge D. obtain
15. A. isolated B. persuaded C. viewed D. exposed
16. A. wherever B. whatever C. whenever D. however
17. A. changed B. brought C. shaped D. pushed
18. A. invested B. divided C. donated D. withdrawn
19. A. warms B. clears C. shows D. breaks
20. A. while B. so that C. once D. in that
1.[标准答案] [D]as well as
[考点分析] 本题考察逻辑关系
[选项分析] 因为考察逻辑关系，所以需要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：文章身处大环境not only…..but also之中，这是一个明显的并列关系，表示“不仅……而且……”该空与前一句“his parents and his friends”也是并列关系，表示“与他本人以及伴侣的父母朋友相关” 所以答案只能是D. as well as.
A. by way of通过 B. with regard to 关于 C. on behalf of 代表
2.[标准答案] [A] decide on
[考点分析] 上下文语义
[选项分析] 根据该句的主语a young man与宾语a likely spouse的关系，答案只能是A. decide on 决定。表示自己决定自己的对象。B. provide for 为……提供准备 C. compete with与……竞争 D. adapt to适用
3.[标准答案] [B]arrange
[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词辨析
[选项分析] 该句意思为，他可以自己选择自己中意的伴侣并让父母_____相关事务。四个选项中，A. close 关闭 C renew 更新；恢复 D postpone“推迟”，语义不正确，只有B arrange安排是符合语境。
4.[标准答案] [A]In theory
[考点分析] 上下文语义
[选项分析]逻辑判断题。主要是看前后两句的含义，前面是说“他可以自己选择自己中意的伴侣并让父母安排相关事务，或者几乎不参与，完全让父母选择自己的对象。” 空格后面说“女方可以拒绝她父母所选择的对象。”这两句之间没有举例说明的关系，且有一个may，更证明A. In theory的正确性。而其他选项 B. Above all最重要的是， C. In time 准时 D. For example举例，均不符合题意。
5.[标准答案] [C]After
[考点分析] 上下文语义
[选项分析]根据下文“______a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other……”知道，只有对象选择好后，父母才会去调查研究对方的背景。所以只有after才对。其他选项A. Unless 除非，否则 B. Lest 以免，唯恐 D. Although 尽管 都不符合题意。
6.[标准答案] [A]into
[考点分析] 上下文语义及介词词义辨析
[选项分析] 这里主要是看marry与相关介词的固定搭配。这里marry into就是指嫁到，而其他选项均没有这层含义。
7.[标准答案] [C]but
[考点分析] 逻辑关系题
[选项分析]根据上文，说传统的婚礼时间跨度很长，但是到了1980s, 婚礼只持续一天半。所以与前文发生转变。因此要选择but转折关系。
8.[标准答案] [C]recite
[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析
[选项分析]空格处需要填一个动词，和后面的prayers of blessing所搭配，C选项recite 为背诵的意思，与所给短语搭配最为合理，译为“为祈祷者做祈福”。
9.[标准答案] [D]tying
[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析
[选项分析] 本题需要根据上下文语义分析，空格处需要搭配后文“棉花线头”，纵观四个选项[A]折叠
[B]堆积 [C]包裹 [D]系上，根据选项含义，只有D和后文的“棉花线头”搭配最为合理。
10.[标准答案] [A]passing
[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析
[选项分析] 本题根据选项[A]传递[B]点亮 [C]隐藏 [D]服务，原文空格需要填写一个动词与后文“around a circle”来搭配，译为“将蜡烛传一圈”，故[A]传递为正确选项。
11.[标准答案] [D]union
[考点分析] 名词词义辨析
[选项分析] 本题根据选项[A]协会，社团[B]会议，会面 [C]集合 [D]结合。本句语义为“这些受尊敬的夫妻祈祷…”根据语境，结婚是一种夫妻二人的结合，因此，选项[D]结合更符合语境。
12.[标准答案] [D]live
[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析
[选项分析] 本题比较简单。根据语义“根据传统，新婚夫妇要搬到妻子父母家，与父母____一年”根据语境，应为[D]居住为最佳答案。
13. [标准答案] [B]until
[考点分析] 时间逻辑关系
[选项分析] 根据原文，“_____他们在附近建造一栋新房子” [A]然而[B]直到 [C]为 [D]如果 结合语境，[B]直到最符合原文语境，搭配最为合理。
14. [标准答案] [D]obtain
[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析
[选项分析] Divorce is legal and relatively easy to __14__, but not common.该句句意为离婚是合法的，且相对容易____. A.avoid 避免B.follow 跟随C.chanllenge挑战，质疑D.obtain获得。这里出现and,所以对于离婚这件事不可能是避免或是挑战，但是跟随和离婚之间语义不符，但是获得离婚(的批准)是可以的。选D.
15.[标准答案] [D] viewed
[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析
[选项分析] Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval.离婚的人…一些不赞同。在段首，已经注明离婚是合法的且相对容易得到批准，但是不常见。这说明离婚在现实中肯定是不太受到人们的欢迎的。而接下来这句就说离婚的人…一些不赞同。再看选项：A.isolated孤立 B.persuaded劝说C.viewed看做 D. exposed接触，受到…的影响 C选项固定搭配被认为，放进。
16.[标准答案] [B]whatever
[考点分析] 语法
[选项分析Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, 17个空对应的都是动词，所以该句意思为：夫妇双方保有…财产，这个财产是他或她…(动词)进婚姻的。 结合选项A whenever“无论何地；任何(地方)=any place where(定从)”。B whatever“无论什么；任何(东西)=anything that/any+N that”。C whenever无论何时；任何(时间=any time when)D however 无论如何；无论多么 。根据语义，这里应该不是让步的关系，而且填的这个词还要能修饰property。因此，选择B =retains any property that he or she ….
17.[标准答案] [B]brought
[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词义辨析
[选项分析] Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage,结合选项A changed“改变”。B brought “带来”。C shaped“形成” D pushed“推，逼迫”。结合语境只有B符合，把财产带入婚姻。
18.[标准答案] [B]divided
[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词义辨析
[选项分析] …and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally.结合选项A invested投资。[B]divided平分 [C] donated 捐赠[D]withdrawn撤出，提取。根据语义应该是共同财产被(夫妻双方)平分。
19.[标准答案] [C]shows
[考点分析] 动词固定搭配
[选项分析] Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up. 该句语义为离过婚的人或许会再婚，但是性别偏见…。结合选项A. warm(up)加热 B.clear(up) 变晴C.show (up) 显现D.break(up)分裂，分开；，显然C是正确选项。
20.[标准答案] [A]while
[选项分析] 上下文语义
[考点分析] 很明显的两类人的对比比较关系。只能选择while.
【真题翻译】在柬埔寨，伴侣的选择对于年轻男性来说是一个复杂的问题。这不仅与他本人以及未来伴侣的'父母朋友相关，而且与媒婆也有着千丝万缕的关系。他可以自己选择自己中意的伴侣并让父母安排相关事务，或者几乎不参与，完全让父母选择自己的对象。理论上来说，女方可以拒绝她父母所选择的对象。在选好自己的对象后，每个家庭都能会去调查对方家庭来确保他们的孩子嫁到好人家。
传统的婚礼是一段漫长，多姿多彩的过程。从前会持续三天，但是到了20世纪80年代，一般会持续一天半。佛教徒通常会做简短诵经，并为新人祈福。仪式通常包括剪发，在新郎新娘的胳膊上系上浸满圣水的棉绳，在幸福的、受人尊敬的夫妇中传递蜡烛来祈祷新人的结合。通常情况下，新婚夫妇会到妻子父母家里住一年，直到他们在附近建一栋新房子为止。
离婚是合法的，而且很容易获得批准，但是在实际中这种情况并不常见。离过婚的男女会受到一些人的诟病。夫妇双方在离婚后可保有他或她婚前带来的财产，而且可平分婚后共同取得的财产。离过婚的人或许会再婚，但是性别偏见还是很明显。比如，离过婚的男性再婚前不需要一段等待期而女性则需要等待十个月。
考研英语部分真题及详解 2
There is growing interest in East Japan Railway Co. ltd，one of the six companies，created out of the privatized nationa__l__ railway system. In an industry lacking exciting growth1，its plan to use real-estate assets in and around train stations__2__is drawing interest.
In a plan calledStation Renaissancethat it__3__in November，JR East said that it would__4__using its commercial spaces for shops and restaurants，extending them to__5__more suitable for the information age. It wants train stations as pick-up__6__for such goods as books，flowers and groceries__7__over the Internet. In a country where city__8__depend heavily on trains__9__commuting，about 16 million people a day go to its train stations anyway，the company __10__. So，picking up commodities at train stations__11__consumers extra travel and missed home deliveries. JR East already has been using its station__12__stores for this purpose，but it plans to create__13__spaces for the delivery of Internet goods.
The company also plans to introduce __14__cardsknown in Japan as IC cards because they use integrated circuit for__15__information__16__ train tickets and commuter passes__17__the magnetic ones used today，integrating them into a/an __18__pass. This will save the company money，because__19__for IC cards are much less expensive than magnetic systems. Increased use of IC cards should also__20__the space needed for ticket vending.
1.[A] perspectives [B] outlooks [C] prospects [D] spectacles
2.[A] creatively [B] originally [C] authentically [D] initially
3.[A] displayed [B] demonstrated [C] embarked [D] unveiled
4.[A] go beyond [B] set out [C] come around [D] spread over
5.[A] applications [B] enterprises [C] functions [D]performances
6.[A] districts [B] vicinities [C] resorts [D] locations
7.[A] acquired [B] purchased [C] presided [D] attained
8.[A] lodgers [B] tenants [C] dwellers [D] boarders
9.[A] for [B] in [C] of [D] as
10.[A] figures [B] exhibits [C] convinces [D] speculates
11.[A] deprives [B] retrieves [C] spares [D] exempts
12.[A] conjunction [B] convenience [C] department [D] ornament
13.[A] delegated [B] designated [C] devoted [D] dedicated
14.[A] clever [B] smart [C] ingenious [D] intelligent
15.[A] checking [B] gathering [C] holding [D] accommodating
16.[A] as [B] for [C] with [D] of
17.[A] but for [B] as well as [C] instead of [D] more than
18.[A] unique [B] single [C] unitary [D] only
19.[A] devices [B] instruments [C] readers [D] examiners
20.[A] reduce [B] narrow [C] dwarf [D] shrink
答案
1.C 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.A
11.C 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.B 19.C 20.A
总体分析
本文介绍了东日本铁路公司引人关注的新计划。文章第一段介绍说东日本铁路公司创造性地利用车站内部及周围房地产的计划正引起越来越多人的关注。第二段具体介绍了这一计划的内容及好处，即适应信息时代的要求，把车站作为网上购物的物品收取地，这样既为消费者提供了方便，又提高了递送物品的安全性。第三段介绍了该公司引入智能卡代替目前使用的各种磁卡作车票的计划及其优点。
全文翻译
通过国家铁路系统的私有化创建起来的六大公司之一的东日本铁路有限公司，正吸引着越来越多人的目光。在一个发展前景不振的行业，它创造性地利用车站内部及周围的房地产的计划正引起人们的关注。
东日本铁路在11月份公布的车站复兴计划中说：它将不仅把它的商业空地用于开商店和餐馆，而且还要把这些商业空地用于更加适应信息时代的功能上去。它打算把车站作为网上所购物品如书籍、花卉和日用百货等的收取地。该公司估算，在一个都市人严重依赖列车作为上下班交通工具的国度里，每天大约有1600万人因各种原因来到它的`车站。因此，在车站收取物品使消费者节省了路途而且也不像往家里递送那样容易丢失。东日本铁路已经开始把车站的便利店用于这一目的，但它打算为网上货物的递送创立专门的空间。
该公司还打算引入智能卡(在日本称为IC卡，因为它们利用集成电路储存信息)取代目前使用的磁卡作为车票和定期券，把各种不同的� 这将为公司节省资金，因为IC卡的读卡机比磁系统要便宜的多。IC卡使用的增加还将会减少售票所占用的空间。
全国考研英语真题 3
1. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.
(A) admired (B)regarded (C) expected (D) worshipped
2. A of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval.
(A) shorthand (B)scheme (C) schedule (D) sketch
3A man has to make ______for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old .
(A) supply (B) assurance (C) provision (D) adjustment
4.The newly-built Science Building seems _______enough to last a hundred years.
(A) spacious (B) sophisticated (C) substantial (D) steady
5.It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are _________free medical care.
(A) entitled to (B) involved in (C) associated with (D) assigned to
6.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at ______.
(A) danger (B) stake (C) loss (D) threat
7. I felt _________to death because I could make nothing of the chairmans speech.
(A) fatigued (B) tired (C) exhausted (D) bored
8. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at _____.
(A) wrong (B) trouble (C) fault (D) difficulty
9. Your advice would be ______valuable to him, who is at present at his wits end.
exceedingly (B) excessively (C) extensively (D) exclusively
10. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ______the consequences.
(A) answer for (B) runsintos(C) abide by (D) stepsintos
11. The river is already _______its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.
(A) parallel to (B) level in (C) flat on (D) flush with
12. People _______that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.
(A) convinced (B) anticipated (C) resolved (D) assured
13. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or _______ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills.
(A) adapted (B) acknowledged (C) assembled (D) appointed
14.The mother said she would ________her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before supper.
(A) let down (B) let alone (C) let off (D) let out
15.We should always keep in mind that _______decisions often lead to bitter regrets .
(A) urgent (B) hasty (C) instant (D) prompt
16.John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages _______in the dictionary.
(A) missing (B) losing (C) dropping (D) leaking
17. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women _________this field is climbing.
(A) engaging (B) devoting (C) registering (D) pursuing
18.The supervisor didnt have time so far to gosintosit ________, but he gave us an idea about his plan.
(A) at hand (B) in turn (C) in conclusion (D) at length
19. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest________of being met.
(A) prospect (B) prediction (C) prosperity (D) permission
20.Its usually the case that people seldom behave in a _______way when in a furious state.
(A) stable (B) rational (C) legal (D) credible
全国考研英语真题 4
Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firm’s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theater, musical festivals, and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries?
An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general; for example, laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.
To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. Mckendrick favors a Veblem model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The “middling sort” bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification? If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for cons
Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries? McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it? What, for example, does the production of high-quality pottery and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills? It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of a consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.
That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not, however, diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies: the insatiable demand in eighteenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.
1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably in order to
[A] contrast their views on the subject of luxury consumerism in eighteenth-century England.
[B] indicate the inadequacy of historiographical approaches to eighteenth-century English history.
[C] give examples of historians who have helped to establish the fact of growing consumerism in eighteenth-century England.
[D] support the contention that key questions about eighteenth-century consumerism remain to be answered.
2. Which of the following items, if preserved from eighteenth-century England, would provide an example of the kind of documents mentioned in lines 3-4, paragraph 2?
[A] A written agreement between a supplier of raw materials and a supplier of luxury goods.
[B] A diary that mentions luxury goods and services purchased by its author.
[C] A theater ticket stamped with the date and name of a particular play.
[D] A payroll record from a company that produced luxury goods such as pottery.
3. According to the text, Thompson attributes to laboring people in eighteenth-century England which of the following attitudes toward capitalist consumerism?
[A] Enthusiasm.
[B] Curiosity.
[C] Ambivalence.
[D] Hostility.
4. In the third paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
[A] contrasting two theses and offering a compromise.
[B] questioning two explanations and proposing a possible alternative to them.
[C] paraphrasing the work of two historians and questioning their assumptions.
[D] examining two theories and endorsing one over the other.
5. According to the text, eighteenth-century England and the contemporary world of the text readers are
[A] dissimilar in the extent to which luxury consumerism could be said to be widespread among the social classes.
[B] dissimilar in their definitions of luxury goods and services.
[C] dissimilar in the extent to which luxury goods could be said to be stimulant of industrial development.
[D] similar in their strong demand for a variety of goods and services.
考研英语(一)真题及答案 5
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraph C and F have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
A.These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people.Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them.If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect,and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to“win”an argument.
B.Of course,many discussions are not so successful.Still,we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly.We need to learn how to evaluate them properly.A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments,but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves.Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.
C.None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse time you state your position,formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any time you talk with someone who takes a stand,ask them to give you a reason for their view.Spell out their argument fully and charitably.Assess its strength impartially.Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.
D.Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights,which is how we often think of them.Like physical fights,verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied.Even when you win,you end up no better off.Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like,say,tennis games.Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered.Everybody else loses.This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments,especially about politics and religion.
E.In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People,Dale Carnegie wrote:“there is only one way…to get the
best of an argument-and that is to avoid it.“This aversion to arguments is common,but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives-and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
F.These views of arguments also undermine reason.If you see a conversation as a fight or competition,you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught.You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments.You can call their views stupid,or joke about how ignorant they of these tricks will help you understand them,their positions or the issues that divide you,but they can help you win-in one way.
G.There is a better way to win arguments.Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state,and I do not.If you yell,“yes,”and I yell.“No,”neither of us learns anything.We neither understand nor respect each other,and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation.In contrast,suppose you give a reasonable argument:that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty.Then I counter with another reasonable argument:that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values,since we both care about needy workers.
41→42→F→43→44→C→45
41-45参考答案及解析：
E D G B A
41.E[In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People,Dale Carnegie wrote:“there is only one way…to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it.]
段落排序解题若首段未给出，首先需要大家通读全部选项首句话，本句首句话中的句间衔接关系排除选首段。本篇文章中，A选项第一句话中含有指代关系词these故根据该词确定本选项直接排除，B选项有of cause衔接上下文的词出现，D选项可以作为首段的可能选项，E选项也可以作为首段的可能选项，G选项首句中含有better way比较级，故本题的答案应在D或E选项中得出，根据D选项人物Carnegie和E选项人物Dale Carnegie的名称特点，可以得知首次出现应为全名形式，故本题的答案应为E选项。
42.D[Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights,which is how we often think of them.]
首段为Carnegie的观点信息，故下段复现应为该人物的观点承接，故通过扫读剩下的选项可知该题只有D选项可以承接。
43.G[There is a better way to win arguments.]
该题上一段最后一句话为“None of these tricks will help you understand them,their positions or the issues that divide you,but they can help you win--in one way.”可知these tricks是对上文信息的否定，下文应该复现win arguments的肯定的表述，根据选项分析可知G选项首句There is a better way to win arguments.正好与F选项尾句形成首尾衔接。
44.B[Of course,many discussions are not so successful.Still,we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly.]
该题上段为G段，尾句讲述的是Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values,since we both care about needy workers.而根据衔接可确定G段讲述的`是成功的讨论，B选项首句not so successful正衔接上文，转折讲述不成功的案例。
45.A[These tools can help you win every argument--not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people.]
上段C选项中Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand,ask them to give you a reason for their view.Spell out their argument fully and charitably.Assess its strength impartially.Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.最后这几句话主要讲的是有关于谈话的四种手段，正好与A选项首句中的These tools形成呼应关系，故本题答案应为A选项。
考研英语(一)真题及答案 6
Section II Reading Comprehension Part A
Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)
How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This years rise,an average of 2.7 per cent,may be a fraction lower than last years,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation.
Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?Equally there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.
However,over the past12 months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.
The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.
21.【题干】The author holds that this years increase in rail passengers fares_____.
【选项】
A.will ease train operationsburden.
B.has kept pace with inflation.
C.is a big surprise to commuters.
D.remains an unreasonable measure.
【答案】D
22.【题干】The stockbroker in 2 is used to stand for_____.
【选项】
A.car drivers
B.rail travellers
C.local investors
D.ordinary taxpayers
【答案】B
23.【题干】It is indicated in 3 that train operators_____.
【选项】
A.are offering compensations to commuters.
B.are trying to repair relations with the unions.
C.have failed to provide an adequate service.
D.have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.
【答案】C
24.【题干】If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face_____.
【选项】
A.the loss of investment.
B.the collapse of operations.
C.a reduction of revenue
D.a change of ownership.
【答案】D
25.【题干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
【选项】
A.Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?
B.Constant Complaining Doesnt Work
C.Can Nationalization Bring Hope?
D.Ever-rising Fares Arent Sustainable
【答案】D
考研英语(一)真题及答案 7
Text 2
Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money.Scientists need joumals in which to publish
their research,so they will supply the articles without monetary scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
With the content of papers secured for free,the publisher needs only fnd a market for its journal.Until this century,university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40%on their operations,at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish 25%of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than900m last year,while UK universities alone spent more than210m in 2016 toenable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
The most drastic,and thoroughly illegal,reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub,a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers,set up in 2012,which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015.The success of Sci-Hub,which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed,shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms:either freely available from the moment of publication,or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article.These range from around￡500 to$5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these’’article preparation costs’’had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases,we need a rebalancing of power.
26、Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money"partly because________
[A]its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.
<B>its marketing strategy has been successful.
[C]its payment for peer review is reduced.
[D]its content acquisition costs nothing.
27、According to Paragraphs 2 and 3,scientific publishers Elsevier have________
[A]thrived mainly on university libraries.
<B>gone through an existential crisis.
[C]revived the publishing industry.
[D]financed researchers generously.
28、How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
[A]Relieved.
<B>Puzzled.
[C]Concerned
[D]Encouraged.
29、It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________
[A]allow publishers some room to make money.
<B>render publishing much easier for scientists.
[C]reduce the cost of publication substantially.
[D]free universities from financial burdens.
30、Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?
[A]Trial subscription is offered.
<B>Labour triumphs over status.
[C]Costs are well controlled.
D]The few feed on the many.
答案：
26、细节题D its content acquisition cost nothing
根据题干中关键词a licence to print money because,定位到第一段第二句，其他科学家也免费进行同行评议的专门工作，因为它是获得地位和生产科学知识的核心要素。正确选项D，acquisition原词，for free替换选项中的，cost nothing.
27、细节题A thrived mainly on universities libraries
根据题干关键词Elsevier定位到第三段第一句话，The Dutch giant Elsevier,....made profits of more than 490m last year.while UK universities alone spent more than 210m in 2016,该公司去年利润超过4.9亿英镑然而仅英国大学在2016年就花费了超过2.1亿英镑。正确选项A主要依靠大学图书馆为定位句的同意表达
28、态度题B concerned
根据题干中关键词Sci-Hub的成功定位到第四段第二句，The success of Sci-Hub,....have themselves legally accessed shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants这表明法律生态系统在其用户中已经失去了合法性，必须进行改造， 可见作者对于Sci-Hub的成功采取否定态度，正确选项B concerned担忧，担心。A relieved宽慰的。，C puzzled困惑的属错误选项，D encouraged鼓励的，正反混淆
29、推断题A allow publishers some room to make money
根据题干关键词open access定位到第四段，最后一句。so that the publishers can make a profit before...,合理收取费用是未来出版商能够获利，A选项为同义替换。B render publishing much easier for scientists使发表对科学家来说容易得多。C reduce the cost of publication substantiality降低出版成本D.free universities from financial burdens使大学摆脱财政负担
30、细节题D the few feed on the many
根据题干关键词scientific publishing model定位到最后一段第五句，labour is provided places free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.劳动力被免费提供，以换取地位的希望，而一些经营市场的大公司则获得了巨额利润。可知少部分作者免费劳动，大部分公司盈利，A选项为同义替换。
考研英语部分真题及详解 8
Every profession or trade, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary, the function of which is partly to designate thing or process which have no names in ordinary English, and partly to secure greater exactness in nomenclature.Such special dialects, or jargons, are necessary in technical discussion of any kind.Being universally understood by the divorce of particular science or art, they have the precision of mathematical formula.Besides, they save time, for it is much more economical to name a process than to describe it.Thousands of this terms are popularly included in every large dictionary, yet, as a whole, they are rather on the outskirts of English language than actually within its borders.
Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies.In trades and handicrafts, and other vocations, like farming and fishery, they have occupied great number of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary, is very old.It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language.Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound; and more generally understood, than most other technicalities.The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their old strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons, and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary.Yet every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech.And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts.Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their of the new coinages are confined to special discussions, and seldom get into general literature or conversation.Yet no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a close guild.The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, the divine, associates freely with his fellow-creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way.Furthermore, what is called popular science makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discovers.Any important experiment, thought made in remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it—as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy.Thus our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.
1.This passage is primarily concerned with _______.
[A] a new language
[B] technical terminology
[C] various occupations and professions
[D] scientific undertakings
2.Special words used in technical discussion_________.
[A] may become part of common speech
[B] should be confined to scientific fields
[C] should resemble mathematical formulae
[D] are considered artificial speech
3.It is true that____________.
[A] the average man of uses in his own vocabulary what was once technical language not meant for him
[B] various professions and occupations often interchange their dialects and jargons
[C] there is always a clear-cut non-technical word that may be substituted for the technical word
[D] an educated person would be expected to know most technical terms
4.In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of technical terms in nomenclature of __________.
[A] farming
[B] government
[C] botany
[D] fishing
5.The author‘s main purpose in the passage is to _________.
[A] describe a phenomenon
[B] argue a belief
[C] propose a solution
[D] stimulate action
Passage Three
During the second half of the nineteenth century, in the United States both the stimulus to produce landscape art and the subject of landscape altered appreciably as the pressure of events surrounding the Civil War witnessed the emergence of a new national consciousness.It was a time when certain fundamental religious beliefs were assaulted by new scientific theory and when new critical writing, particularly those of John Ruskin, exercised an important influence on art.The landscape painting from the Ganz collection provides an opportunity to examine the shifts in taste and the pluralities of style that characterized American Landscape painting, especially in the latter part of the century.
In the early years of the nineteenth century American Landscape was closely associated with the republican ideals of the new nation and took on significance in the popular imagination as a form of national propaganda.Landscape painting was conceived of as a vehicle for the presentation of the new republic‘s unique historical and moral position in world history.This position was supported by Thomas Cole, the dean of the Hudson river School, and was based on a religious interpretation of wilderness themes.While the American concern for the founding of a school of historical landscape was most assertive in the first half of the century and was confirmed in such grandly ambitious paintings as Café’s famous instructive moral one
portraying the COURSE OF EMPIRE, the interest in crating a national art based on American nature continued to influence the formal evolution of landscape painting.
6.with what topic is the passage primarily concerned?
[A] The normal position of the United States.
[B] John Ruskins influence on nineteenth century art.
[C] A religious interpretation of wilderness themes.
[D] The evolution of landscape painting in the United States
7.What phenomenon does the author mention as occurring at the time of the Civil War?
[A] The revival of fundamental religious beliefs.
[B] An increased interest in national geography.
[C] A period of depression on the arts and sciences.
[D] The emergence of new national consciousness.
8.According to the author, why is the Ganz collection significant？
[A] It reflects changes in American Landscape painting.
[B] It includes many critical writing of the era.
[C] It appeals to the popular imagination of republicans.
[D] It documents the painting of the Hudson River School.
9.According to the author, landscape painting early in the nineteenth century was used to _________.
[A] finance a school of historical landscape painting
[B] further the ambitions of young politicians
[C] represent and reaffirm a new nation
[D] realistically portray the physical beauty
10.what does the word assaulted mean?
[A] Attacked
[B] Praised
[C] Scolded
[D] Satirized
全国考研英语真题 9
I . In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if ed at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET, ( 15 points)
EXAMPLE:
I was caught_the rain yesterday.
A. in B. by C.with D. at
ANSWER: (A)
l . Those two families have been quarrelling __ each other for many years.
A. to B. between C. against D. with
2. There are many things whose misuse is dangerous, bur it is hard to think of anything that can be compared ___
A. in B. with C. among D. by
3. "How often have you seen cases like this?" one surgeon asked another. "Oh ,__ times,
I guess, " was the reply.
A. hundred of B . hundreds C. hundreds of D. hundred
4. Give me your telephone number __ I need your help.
A. whether B.unless C. so that D. in case
5. You sang well last night. We hope yo39;llsing __.
A. more better B. still better C. nicely D. best
6. Those people __a general understanding of the present situation.
A. lack of B. are lacking of C. lack D. are in lack
7. Alone in a desert house ,he was so busy with his research work that he felt __lonely.
A. nothing but B. anything but C. all but D. everything but
8. Grace __tears when she heard the sad news.
A. broke in B.broke into C. broke off D.broke through
9. She refused to __the car keys to her husband until he had promised to wear his safety belt .
A. hand in B. hand out C.hand down D. down
10. Michael found it difficult to get his British jokes __to American audiences.
A. around B. over C.across D. down
11. The book contained a large__ of information.
A. deal B. amount C. number D. sum
12 . Nowadays advertising costs are no longer in reasonable_ to the total cost of the prod-uct .
A. proportion B. correlation C. connection D. correspondence
13. When she saw the clouds she went back to the house to _ her umbrella.
A. carry B. fetch C. bring D. reach
14. We must _ that the experiment is controlled as rigidly as possible.
A. assure . B. secure C. ensure D. issue
15. He was knocked down by a car and badly _
A. injured B. damaged C. harmed D. ruined
全国考研英语真题 10
51. Directions：
Write a letter to a friend of yours to
1）recommend one of your favorite movies and
2）give reasons for your recommendation.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use“Li Ming”instead.
Do not write the address.（10points）
小作文范文
Dear friends，I‘m writing to you to recommend my favorite movie Avatar. It is a very hot movie this year. For starters，its a great story and has a fantastic plot. This film captivated me from beginning to end. The fast-paced，exciting story line kept me on the edge of my seat all the way through. Whats more，the specialeffects are breathtaking. The directing is absolutely neat. And last but not least，its an educational movie. It teaches us about dedication，discipline，loyalty and love. I am sure you will enjoy the movie.
Yours sincerely，Li Ming
52、Direction
Write an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing .In your essay，you should
1）describe the drawing briefly
2）explain its intended measing and
3）give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20points）
旅途之“余”
What an impressive picture it is！Two young men sitting on the boat are throwing rubbish into the lake，with all kinds of garbage floating on the surface. What is conveyed in the picture is both realistic and thought-provoking.
Clearly，we can deduce from the picture that with the rapid development of economy，tourism as a form of enterprise brings China a lot of benefits，but the environment is being polluted tremendously. In public places people have no awareness that they are doing something damaging the environment，the only environment we have. They cause inconvenience and discomfort to other tourists，and also degrade Chinas image as a nation.
What can we do then？First，I think that government should issue severe regulations，punishing any behavior that damages the environment. Second，the environment protection awareness of the public should be enforced. People should know how closely the clean environment is related to their personal lives. Lets hope we will have a cleaner and more beautiful world in the near future.
分析：
今年考研英语作文的难度略有降低。小作文是历年来常考的形式之一——书信体，要求写一封推荐信。比较熟悉的推荐信是推荐一个人，本次作文要求推荐一部电影。开头可以直接写明是哪部电影，接下来说明这部电影好在哪里，有什么意义等内容。最后可以说一下相信对方一定会喜欢等内容。
大作文涉及的。内容也是近年来的热点话题——环保问题。图片描述的内容是游人在湖面上乱扔垃圾，导致垃圾在湖面到处漂浮、鱼类死亡的现象，反映了人们环保意识与公德意识的缺失，不仅破坏了环境，也损害了人们的形象。写作的时候可以用比较常用的三段式，开头描述图片内容，然后说明危害，分析原因，最后提出解决方案，表达愿望等。
全国考研英语真题 11
推荐：
One of the simplest and best known kinds of crystal is the ionic salt, of which a typical example is sodium chloride, or ordinary table salt. The fundamental components of an ionic salt are ions: atoms or molecules that have become electrically charged by gaining or losing one more electrons. In forming sodium chloride, for example, sodium atoms give up an electron (thereby becoming positively charged) and chlorine atoms gain an electron (thereby becoming negatively charged). The ions are attracted to one another by their opposite charges, and they stack together compactly, like tightly packed spheres.
Recently, scientists at Michigan State University created a new kind of crystal called an electride. In electrides, the anions (negative ions) are completely replaced by electrons, which are trapped in naturally formed cavities within a framework of regularly stacked cations (positive ions). Electrides are the first examples of ionic salts in which all these anionic sites are occupied solely by electrons.
Unlike other types of anions, anionic electrons do not behave as if they were simple charged spheres. In particular, because of their low mass and their tendency to interact with one another over great distances, they cannot be “pinned down” to any one location. Instead, they wander close to and among the atoms lining the cavity and interact with electrons in nearby cavities, perhaps changing places with them.
The properties of an electride depend largely on the distance between the cavities that hold trapped electrons. When the trapped electrons are far apart, they do not interact strongly, and so behave somewhat like an array of isolated negative charges. When they are closer together, they begin to display properties associated with large ensembles of identical particles. When they are still closer, the ensemble properties dominate and the electrons “delocalize”: they are no longer tightly bound within individual cavities but are more or less free to pass through the spaces within the framework of positive ions.
By synthesizing electrides from a variety of materials, one can vary the geometry of the anionic cavities and their relation to the surrounding cations. The resulting properties may make it possible for electrides to become a basis for economically useful new materials and devices. For instance, because the electrons in some electrides are very weakly bound, these crystals could be effective as photosensitive detectors, in which an impinging photon liberates an electron, resulting in a small electric current. The same weak binding could also make electrides useful in solar energy converters and as cathodes in batteries. One obstacle is the tendency of electrides to decompose through reaction with air and water. Researchers are seeking ways to increase their stability.
1. The text is primarily concerned with discussing
[A] a way to isolate electrons.
[B] the characteristics of a new kind of crystal.
[C] the structure of an ionic salt.
[D] commercial uses for electrides.
2. In the first paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
[A] introducing a variant on the standard atomic theory.
[B] describing how chlorine atoms can become negatively charged.
[C] describing some early research at Michigan State University.
[D] providing background for the technical discussion to follow.
3. According to the text, the defining characteristic of an electride is which of the following?
[A] Its positive are of particularly low mass.
[B] Its ions possess identical electrical charges.
[C] It contains a framework of regularly stacked ions.
[D] Its negative ions consist solely of electrons.
4. It can be inferred from the text that anions behaving as “simple charged spheres” (line 2, paragraph 3) could be expected to
[A] readily lose electrons and become positively charged.
[B] move freely in and out of their cavities.
[C] respond to photons by liberating electrons.
[D] remain fixed relative to their cations.
5. With which of the following statements regarding electrides would the author most likely agree?
[A] They have proven themselves to be of great commercial value.
[B] Their future commercial value is promising but uncertain.
[C] They are interesting but of no practical value.
[D] They have commercial value mainly in solar energy applications.